Jaksa : Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Hukum dan Politik
Jaksa : Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Hukum dan Politik; memiliki e-ISSN: 2988-5140 p-ISSN: 2988-7747 adalah jurnal ilmiah yang ditelaah secara sejawat (peer-reviewed journal) dan diterbitkan oleh Program Studi Hukum, Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (LPPM), Universitas Sains dan Teknologi Komputer (STEKOM University). Jurnal ini memuat hasil penelitian, kajian teoritis, dan analisis kritis di bidang ilmu hukum dan politik, dengan fokus utama pada isu-isu politik hukum, penegakan hukum, kebijakan publik, serta hubungan antara sistem hukum, pemerintahan, dan masyarakat. Ruang lingkupnya meliputi berbagai cabang hukum seperti hukum perdata, hukum pidana, hukum tata negara, hukum internasional, hukum adat, dan hukum digital. Jurnal ini terbit empat kali dalam setahun, yaitu pada bulan Januari, April, Juli, dan Oktober, dan berkomitmen menjadi sarana diseminasi ilmiah yang berintegritas, terbuka, dan berkontribusi pada pengembangan ilmu hukum dan politik di Indonesia.
Universitas Sains dan Teknologi Komputer
Legalitas Perampasan Aset Illicit Enrichment: Analisis Kekosongan Hukum Dalam Undang – Undang Tipikor
Corruption is recognized as an extraordinary crime that undermines national foundations and hinders development. A major challenge in its eradication is the recovery of assets suspected to be derived from corruption but difficult to prove, known as illicit enrichment. This research aims to analyze the legality of illicit enrichment asset forfeiture and identify legal gaps within the Indonesian Anti-Corruption Law (UU Tipikor). The research employs a normative legal method with statutory and comparative approaches. The findings reveal a fundamental legal vacuum in UU Tipikor, as there are no explicit regulations on illicit enrichment, despite Indonesia's ratification of UNCAC. The current legal system remains heavily dependent on proving the predicate crime, which complicates law enforcement efforts to seize unexplained wealth. This study contributes to the development of criminal law, both theoretically and practically, by providing recommendations for the formulation of the Asset Forfeiture Bill (RUU Perampasan Aset). In conclusion, the enactment of the Asset Forfeiture Bill, which integrates concepts of illicit enrichment and Non-Conviction Based Asset Forfeiture (NCBAF), is a crucial step toward strengthening the legality of state asset recovery while maintaining human rights protections.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alvin Amadeus Jaya Mahendra, M Abd. Rohim, Rismalia Putri Anggraini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Smart Regulation For Resolving Administrative Disputes Within The Digital Public Service Ecosystem
The digitalization of public services in Indonesia is a major step towards efficiency, but it has also led to administrative misunderstandings, caused by system errors, data inconsistencies, algorithmic bias, and non-transparent automated decisions. Existing regulations still rely on manual procedures and have not yet addressed issues related to digital data verification, algorithmic accountability, and digital objection mechanisms. The goal of this research is to develop adaptive, data-driven smart regulations that cater to the specific characteristics of digital disputes. By means of a doctrinal sociolegal qualitative approach and through an analysis of 15 national regulations, 8 digital dispute decisions, 10 Ombudsman reports, and also observations on three digital platforms, and finally, interviews with five informants, the research finds that the main reasons for disputes to arise are input errors, inaccurate cross-system verification, and the lack of digital objection channels. In contrast, most regulations do not include provisions on algorithmic transparency or system audit standards. The contribution and novelty of the study are linked to mapping the critical points of digital disputes and establishing a smart regulatory model that combines administrative law principles with automation mechanisms to increase the accountability of digital decisions, protect user rights, and improve the effectiveness of dispute resolution.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rafiq Pradana Wicaksono, Tessa Andini Prameswari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Perlindungan Hukum Pemilik Sertipikat Lama Dalam Transformasi Digital Badan Pertanahan Nasional
This study examines the legal protection afforded to holders of conventional land certificates amid the digital transformation of land administration in Indonesia, particularly following the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency's implementation of electronic land documents. The study is motivated by continuing agrarian disputes, legal uncertainty, and public concerns regarding the security of digital land data, including risks of data alteration, administrative failure, and cyber intrusion. Using a normative juridical approach, this research analyzes statutory regulations, legal doctrines, and related legal materials concerning land registration and electronic certification. The findings indicate that conventional land certificates remain legally valid and retain evidentiary force during the transition to electronic certification. However, the transition has not yet been supported by fully coherent legal and administrative safeguards, particularly regarding historical data accuracy, system reliability, and protection against digital vulnerabilities. This condition creates a degree of legal uncertainty for owners of older certificates, especially those with limited access to information and digital services. The study concludes that stronger legal protection requires not only regulatory harmonization but also gradual implementation, institutional readiness, data security assurance, and broader public legal education to ensure that digital transformation in land administration promotes legal certainty, justice, and equitable access for all land rights holders.
Copyright (c) 2026 Arif Fathu Rohman, Muhammad Fadli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Analisis Pemenuhan Asas Keterbukaan Dalam Perubahan UU TNI 2025
This research aims to critically analyze the fulfillment of the principle of openness in the formation and substantive content of Law Number 12 of 2025 concerning Amendments to Law Number 34 of 2004 concerning the Indonesian National Armed Forces (2025 TNI Law). The principle of openness is a crucial pillar of a democratic constitutional state, ensuring accountability in the defense sector. The research method employed is normative legal research, with a statutory, conceptual, and historical approach. The results indicate that the legislative process for the 2025 TNI Law did not fully meet the standards for meaningful participation. Although formal access was provided, the substantial involvement of civil society groups and independent legal experts remained severely limited, thereby obscuring the rights to be heard and to be explained. Substantively, there are normative ambiguities regarding the regulation of state secrets and the expansion of civilian positions for active military officers, which may lead to overlapping authorities and reduced government transparency. The lack of clarity in information classification criteria within this law risks reviving a culture of impunity under the pretext of security and stability. This study concludes that the 2025 TNI Law requires further synchronization with the Law on Public Information Disclosure. It is recommended to establish implementing regulations that limitively define the boundaries of state secrets and to strengthen external oversight mechanisms by independent institutions to ensure that the strengthening of military institutions remains aligned with the principles of civilian supremacy and budgetary transparency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wahidil Atma, Arif Wibowo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Perlindungan Konsumen terhadap Produk Makanan yang Mengandung Bahan Berbahaya
The circulation of food products containing hazardous chemical substances remains a serious issue in consumer protection efforts in Indonesia. This condition poses significant risks to public health and indicates that food safety regulations have not yet been fully effective. This study aims to analyze the forms of legal protection for consumers, the liability of business actors for consumer losses, and the role of the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency (BPOM) in supervising and enforcing against the distribution of food products containing hazardous chemical substances. This research employs a normative juridical method with a statutory approach, conducted through a literature review of primary, secondary, and supporting legal materials. The results show that consumer protection is comprehensively regulated by Law Number 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection, Law Number 18 of 2012 on Food, and relevant BPOM regulations. Business actors are strictly liable for consumer losses and may face civil, administrative, and criminal sanctions. BPOM plays a strategic role in supervision and enforcement; however, it still faces various challenges in practical implementation. Therefore, strengthening supervision, ensuring consistent law enforcement, and increasing legal awareness among business actors and consumers are necessary to achieve effective consumer protection.
Copyright (c) 2026 sindi sindi, Apri Amalia, Zarieva Yousif, Malika Ramadhani, Sandi Almirah Putri, Nadia Surati Annisa, Daniel Syahputra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Evaluasi Kebijakan Pajak Pertambahan Nilai dengan Menggunakan Persepektif Publik Digital dalam Kerangka Public Value
The policy to increase the Value Added Tax (VAT) rate to 12%, as stipulated in Law Number 7 of 2021 on the Harmonization of Tax Regulations, has generated diverse public responses, particularly regarding its impact on purchasing power, fiscal fairness, and policy legitimacy. This study aims to analyze public perceptions of the 12% VAT policy and assess the formation of public value using the Public Value framework. The research employs a mixed-methods approach with concurrent triangulation, combining quantitative sentiment analysis with qualitative content analysis of secondary data derived from public comments on Instagram. The findings indicate that public perception is predominantly negative, reflecting a low level of perceived policy value. Qualitative analysis further reveals that the VAT 12% policy is perceived as weak across the three dimensions of Public Value: policy benefits (value), legitimacy and public support (legitimacy and support), and governmental operational capacity (operational capabilities). The study concludes that the success of fiscal policy depends not only on legal validity and revenue objectives but also on the government’s ability to deliver tangible benefits, secure social legitimacy, and ensure effective implementation. Accordingly, this research recommends strengthening policy communication strategies, enhancing transparency and public participation, and improving economic mitigation mechanisms to increase public value and societal acceptance of the VAT 12% policy
Copyright (c) 2026 Ferdian Al Ghifari Ganda Hutama, Annur Muhammad Rizki, Fadjar Tri Sakti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Revitalisasi Hukum Adat dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Lingkungan Studi Komparatif di Wilayah Adat Indonesia Timur
This study explores the revitalization of customary law as a mechanism for resolving environmental disputes in Eastern Indonesia. Through a comparative analysis of three indigenous regions—Central Maluku, Papua, and West Timor—the research reveals how traditional legal practices adapt to contemporary ecological and socio-political challenges. The findings demonstrate that customary law is not merely preserved but is actively transformed to maintain cultural relevance and environmental sustainability. Revitalization efforts are shaped by local contexts, external pressures, and the interaction between indigenous communities and state institutions. This study fills a critical gap in the existing literature, which often focuses solely on the formal recognition of customary law without addressing its dynamic role in conflict resolution. Although the research offers significant insights, it acknowledges limitations related to geographical scope and methodology, suggesting that future studies should adopt longitudinal approaches and broader regional coverage. The results contribute to the discourse on legal pluralism and offer practical implications for policy-making aimed at strengthening indigenous participation in environmental governance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Agnes Salsa Azzahra, Putri Citra Resmi, Andra Restu Pertami https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Formulasi Tindak Pidana Ekosida dalam Hukum Pidana Nasional Urgensi Pembaruan Hukum di Era Krisis Lingkungan Global
The massive scale of environmental destruction globally highlights the urgent need for a stronger legal response, particularly through criminal law. This research aims to formulate the crime of ecocide within Indonesia's national criminal law framework by adapting international principles while aligning with the fundamental doctrines of Indonesian law. Employing a normative legal research method and comparative analysis, this study reveals a significant legal gap in the current regulatory system, which inadequately addresses large-scale ecosystem damage. A conceptual model for the formulation of ecocide crimes is proposed, including the definition of criminal elements, the scope of liable subjects, and the appropriate sanctions. The results contribute to the academic discourse by offering a structured and applicable legal framework, while practically providing policymakers with a concrete foundation for legal reforms that respond effectively to the global environmental crisis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jachrisdo Damanik, Mangaratua Naibaho, Dame Pandiangan, Methodius Kossay https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Implementasi Prinsip Due Diligence dalam Kewajiban Negara Mencegah Cyber Attacks: Tinjauan Hukum Internasional Kontemporer
The rapid evolution of cyberspace has transformed it into a strategic domain of international relations, raising complex legal challenges regarding state responsibility for preventing cross-border cyberattacks. This study explores the implementation of the due diligence principle in international law as a normative foundation for evaluating a state’s obligation to prevent harmful cyber activities originating from its territory. Utilizing a normative-legal approach, the research analyzes global legal instruments, state practices, and Indonesia’s position on due diligence. Findings reveal a significant gap between the doctrinal recognition of due diligence and its operational application, especially in developing countries lacking institutional and regulatory capacity. The study proposes practical recommendations for integrating due diligence into national Cybersecurity strategies while contributing to the broader development of binding international cyber norms. By focusing on Indonesia, the research aims to strengthen both national legal preparedness and its international legal standing in cyberspace governance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Berliant Pratiwi, Neilin Nikhlis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Kedudukan Keputusan Pemerintah dalam Keadaan Darurat Digital Studi tentang Batasan Konstitusional atas Kebijakan Cyber Emergency
The rapid growth of digital technology has created new challenges for the constitutional framework of state power, particularly in the context of cyber emergencies. This research analyzes the role of government decisions in digital emergencies within the framework of Indonesian constitutional law. Using a socio-legal approach, the study examines the alignment between governmental actions and fundamental constitutional principles, such as legality, proportionality, accountability, and the protection of human rights. The findings reveal significant gaps between existing regulations and the need for constitutionally grounded responses to cyber threats. Current government measures tend to be reactive and lack comprehensive oversight mechanisms, posing risks to democratic governance and individual rights. The study recommends establishing a specific legal framework that clearly defines procedures, limitations, and oversight for cyber emergency actions, grounded in digital constitutionalism. By reinforcing constitutional supremacy in the digital era, the government can ensure that its responses to cybersecurity crises are both effective and respectful of citizens' fundamental rights.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maulana Fahmi Idris, Althea Serafim Kriswandaru https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Konstruksi Hukum Perdata terhadap Perlindungan Data Pribadi dalam Transaksi Komersial Analisis Perspektif Hak Keperdataan Digital
The rapid growth of digital transactions in Indonesia has not been accompanied by a sufficient legal framework to protect personal data as an economic asset. This study aims to construct a private law framework that recognizes personal data as an object of proprietary rights within commercial transactions. Employing a normative juridical method with conceptual and comparative approaches, the research analyzes national regulations, particularly Law No. 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection. It contrasts them with international standards such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The findings reveal that Indonesia’s regulatory focus remains predominantly administrative, lacking recognition of personal data as an independent property right. Through a systematic conceptualization of personal data as a digital object possessing economic value, this study proposes a new model for personal data protection grounded in property law principles. The proposed framework offers more substantial legal certainty for individuals. It addresses the power imbalance between data subjects and digital business actors, contributing significantly to the development of more equitable and adaptive regulations in the digital economy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rahmat Shodiq, Yolanda Indah Maharani, Kelvin Daniel Christian, Sri Rahwati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Konsep Penerapan Wanprestasi dan Perbuatan Melawan Hukum (PMH): Studi Kasus Putusan Nomor 79/ Pdt.G/2023/PN Yyk
This study analyze the application of the concepts of breach of contract (wanprestasi) and unlawful act/ tort (perbuatan melawan hukum) in decision No. 79/Pdt.G/2023/PN. Yyk, with critical focus on the panel of judges formalistic approach. The research employs a normative method through a case study approach. The results indicate that although the plaintiff’s lawsuit was declared inadmissible due to formal defect (obscuur libal and plurium litis consortium), the cout proceedings actual revealed strong indications of an unlawful act by the defendant, namely the installation of “for sale/ rent” banner on a property that was still under lease. Theoretically, this action fulfills the elements of acticle 1365 of the indonesian civil code. The study concludes that the judge was incorrect in ther role as a seeker of substantive justice by fixaing on procedural rigiditly and neglecthing the principle of ius curia novit. Therefore, this research recommends the necessity of balancing formal legal certainty with the achievement of material justice in civil court practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ananda Harfa Danis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatimah Azzahro Fachuda, Siti Sya'ada Alda Risma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Efektivitas Penggunaan Bukti Digital dalam Pembuktian Perkara Perdata: Analisis terhadap Integrasi Electronic Evidence dalam Hukum Acara Perdata Nasional
The increasing integration of digital evidence into civil litigation processes in Indonesia reflects a significant shift towards modernization of the judicial system. This study examines the effectiveness of digital evidence in civil case proceedings by analyzing court decisions, conducting expert interviews, and reviewing applicable regulations. The findings reveal that while digital evidence is increasingly accepted, challenges remain regarding authentication, technical capacity of legal practitioners, and the absence of standardized procedures. Regulatory advancements such as the enactment of Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE Law) and Supreme Court Regulation Number 1 of 2019 have bolstered the legal recognition of digital evidence. However, inconsistent application and limited forensic capabilities hinder optimal utilization. This research contributes to the discourse by emphasizing the need for capacity building, procedural standardization, and a more robust technological infrastructure within the judicial framework. Future studies are encouraged to adopt broader and comparative approaches to strengthen digital evidence practices in civil litigation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurmagrifah Ramadani, Muhammad Haidar, Aulia Putri Setiono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The rapid evolution of cyberspace has transformed it into a strategic domain of international relations, raising complex legal challenges regarding state responsibility in preventing cross-border cyber attacks. This study explores the implementation of the due diligence principle in international law as a normative foundation for evaluating a state’s obligation to prevent harmful cyber activities originating from its territory. Utilizing a normative-legal approach, the research analyzes global legal instruments, state practices, and Indonesia’s position in relation to due diligence. Findings reveal a significant gap between the doctrinal recognition of due diligence and its operational application, especially in developing countries lacking institutional and regulatory capacity. The study proposes practical recommendations for integrating due diligence into national cybersecurity strategies while contributing to the broader development of binding international cyber norms. By focusing on Indonesia, the research aims to strengthen both national legal preparedness and its international legal standing in cyberspace governance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmad Alfin Mashuri, Sekar Sari, Riva Lailatul Aini, Ida Fitriya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Copyright (c) 2025 Febrian Jeki Elfian Sinaga, Sairimbun Panjaitan, Lana Hafiza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Transformation of the Principle of Sovereignty in a Digital Legal State through Social Media and the Constitution
With the coming of the internet, a new approach has been ushered in which would restate and redefine the concept of sovereignty in states through algorithmic regulation and the mighty transnational digital networks it makes possible. The social media are essentially the decentralized spacesfor legal and political controversy, which tear down the constitutional validity and transform the construction of legitimacy. This study examines how the principle of sovereignty is transformed within a digital legal state by analyzing the interaction between constitutional norms, digital participation, and the growing role of non-state digital actors. A qualitative thematic approach was applied, using data from constitutional documents, court rulings, social media narratives (such as #ReformasiDikorupsi), and semi-structured interviews with legal experts and digital rights advocates. NVivo software program was used to apply thematic coding and categorization. Outcomes are four significant themes: disruption of constitutional sovereignty, digital mediation of sovereignry, coexistence between digital corporations and states, and reinterpretation of constitutional values. Implications are that sovereignty is no longer mapped or geographically located but dynamically negotiated in digital spaces. According to the research, conventional legal models are inadequate and prescribing co-regulatory legal models based on constitutional values is recommended. Citing Indonesia's PDP Law and the EU's Digital Services Act, it emphasizes ASEAN-level collaboration in pushing toward inclusive and accountable digital governance and protecting sovereignty in the post-national setting.
Copyright (c) 2025 Naflah Naila Inayatulloh, Masyami Masyami, Nurilla Alya Farhani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Peran Notaris dalam Pendaftaran Badan Usaha Berbentuk Persekutuan Komanditer, Persekutuan Firma, dan Persekutuan Perdata
Following the enactment of Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights No. 17 of 2018, the role of the notary is to regulate the obligation of business entities, such as limited partnerships (CV), firms, and civil partnerships, to register their companies with the Minister through the Business Entity Administration System. The research method used is normative law (normative jurisprudence) with a legal approach, namely a legislative conceptual approach. Normative law research is a literature review, and the results are analyzed descriptively. If all the requirements and supporting conditions are met, the Notary is authorized to make an authentic deed and on behalf of the applicant, the notary submits an application for the registration of the establishment, amendment of the articles of association, dissolution of non-legal entities in the form of limited partnership (CV), firm and Civil Partnership to the Business Entity Administration System. Furthermore, in drafting authentic deeds pursuant to the Commercial Code (KUHD), the Civil Code (KUHPerdata), the Notary Law (UUJN), and the Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights No. 17 of 2018, the notary bears responsibility for any errors that occur during data entry in SABU. Should such an error arise, the notary is obligated to report it to the Directorate General of General Legal Administration (AHU) to facilitate the correction of the recorded data.
Notary, Business Entity Administration System, Commanditaire Vennootschap (CV), Firm and Civil Partnership.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dian Rosita Sari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Challenges of Civil Law Enforcement on Smart Contracts in Cross-Border Transactions Based on Blockchain Technology
With advances in blockchain technology, smart contracts have emerged as automated digital instruments for cross-border transactions. Yet, their automation and rigidity do create serious hindrances to civil law's fundamental principles, especially in terms of enforceability and dispute resolution. This research seeks to study discrepancies between the characteristics of smart contracts themselves and international civil law systems, and to unveil the legal obstacles on their path to implementation. By employing a normative juridical approach and comparative analysis from 50 legal and academic documents sourced from Indonesia, the United States, and the European Union, this research reveals regulatory divergences and the absence of a harmonized international standard. Results show that the European Union is far ahead of the United States and Indonesia in regulatory preparedness. Essentially, this research proposes a hybrid legal system, which is a combination of national and international provisions (for example, the UNCITRAL Model Law) for the establishment of blockchain-based digital dispute resolution. The outcome enlarges the horizon of digital contract law theory and serves as a handy guide for policymakers in managing legal complexities of smart contracts across jurisdictions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nadia Indah Safitri, Septiana Rossa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Ketimpangan Penerimaan LGBT di Wilayah Pedesaan dan Perkotaan Indonesia: Studi Literatur Sosial-Budaya Mengacu pada Teori Stigma dan Laporan Internasional
Penelitian ini menganalisis ketimpangan penerimaan terhadap kelompok lesbian, gay, biseksual, dan transgender (LGBT) di wilayah perkotaan dan pedesaan Indonesia melalui studi literatur sosial-budaya. Isu penerimaan LGBT di Indonesia masih bersifat sensitif dan kompleks karena dipengaruhi oleh norma sosial, agama, serta struktur budaya lokal yang berbeda antara wilayah urban dan rural. Dengan menggunakan teori stigma sosial Goffman (1963) sebagai kerangka analisis utama, penelitian ini mensintesis 50 literatur akademik dan laporan internasional dari periode 2020–2025 yang membahas persepsi sosial, pendidikan, media, dan kebijakan terhadap LGBT. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa penerimaan terhadap LGBT di wilayah urban cenderung lebih tinggi dibandingkan pedesaan, didorong oleh tingkat pendidikan, akses media digital, dan paparan terhadap wacana global. Sebaliknya, di wilayah pedesaan, nilai-nilai religius dan tradisi lokal masih menjadi faktor utama penolakan. Selain itu, temuan memperlihatkan bahwa generasi muda menunjukkan tingkat inklusivitas yang meningkat, sementara representasi media mulai bergeser dari narasi negatif menuju wacana netral dan hak asasi manusia. Meskipun terdapat kemajuan dalam kesadaran sosial, kebijakan publik di Indonesia masih menunjukkan ambivalensi terhadap isu LGBT. Studi ini menegaskan perlunya pendekatan kebijakan yang berbasis literasi sosial dan budaya untuk membangun masyarakat yang lebih inklusif dan adil secara sosial.
Copyright (c) 2025 Frimawan Endi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Ketika Jalanan Bicara: Gerakan Protes 2025 di ASEAN dan Nepal dalam Perspektif Hukum Internasional dan Geopolitik
The wave of social protests that swept across Asia in 2025 represents a new dynamic in the relationship between the state, citizens, and international law. This study analyzes protest movements in five countries—Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, Timor-Leste, and Nepal focusing on the extent to which government responses align with the principles of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and their connection to regional geopolitical dynamics. Employing a comparative qualitative approach within a juridical, sociological, and geopolitical framework, the research assesses each country’s level of compliance with ICCPR Articles 19 and 21 using the UN Human Rights Committee’s General Comment No. 37 as the analytical reference, and a three-level compliance scale (high, moderate, low). Data were derived from international organization reports, global media sources, and legal documents. The findings indicate that the 2025 Asian protests were driven by a combination of economic inequality, political corruption, and restrictions on freedom of expression. Indonesia and Nepal exhibited high levels of repression, while Timor-Leste demonstrated a more open model of social dialogue. From a geopolitical perspective, transnational solidarity emerged through digital campaigns and cross-border activist networks, reflecting the rise of digital resistance in Asia. The study concludes that state legitimacy in the region is increasingly tested not only by domestic stability but also by the capacity to uphold international norms amid shifting global power structures and digital transformations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alfianty Dara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Politik Hukum Pidana dalam Penanggulangan Kejahatan Siber di Indonesia: Analisis Kriminologis terhadap Efektivitas Kebijakan Penal dan Non-Penal
Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis arah politik hukum pidana Indonesia dalam penanggulangan kejahatan siber melalui pendekatan penal dan non-penal dengan perspektif kriminologi digital. Fokus kajian diarahkan pada efektivitas kebijakan hukum, dinamika kelembagaan, serta kesenjangan antara norma hukum dan perilaku sosial di ruang digital. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode yuridis-sosiologis, karena fenomena kejahatan siber tidak dapat dipahami hanya melalui teks hukum, tetapi juga melalui interaksi sosial dan perilaku pelaku di dunia maya. Data diperoleh melalui telaah dokumen hukum, wawancara dengan aktor kebijakan, dan laporan lembaga seperti BSSN, Kominfo, serta Polri Siber, kemudian dianalisis menggunakan model analisis interaktif Miles, Huberman, dan Saldaña. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan penal menunjukkan peningkatan dalam penegakan hukum dan penyelesaian kasus, sedangkan kebijakan non-penal mengalami kemajuan pada kolaborasi kelembagaan dan literasi digital, namun belum mampu meningkatkan kesadaran publik secara signifikan. Ketimpangan ini menegaskan bahwa politik hukum siber Indonesia masih bersifat reaktif dan belum sepenuhnya berorientasi pada pembentukan budaya hukum digital. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan penerapan model integrated cyber governance berbasis cyber social control sebagai strategi untuk mengintegrasikan instrumen hukum, edukasi, dan kolaborasi lintas sektor guna membangun sistem keamanan siber yang adil, inklusif, dan berkelanjutan.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Alfan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Pertanggung-jawaban Hukum atas Keputusan Otomatis Berbasis Kecerdasan Buatan: Studi Komparatif antara Uni Eropa dan Asia Tenggara
This study analyzes legal accountability for automated decision-making based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) through a comparative study between the European Union (EU) and Southeast Asia. The research is motivated by the emergence of the EU AI Act, which establishes a binding risk-based legal framework, while ASEAN remains focused on non-binding ethical guidelines. Employing a qualitative–comparative approach, this study examines three key legal dimensions liability, transparency, and enforcement through a review of policy documents, regulations, and contemporary academic literature. The research gap lies in the absence of a conceptual model capable of bridging the EU’s hard law approach with ASEAN’s soft law framework in regulating automated decisions. The findings reveal a significant regulatory disparity between the EU and ASEAN, particularly in accountability, transparency, and enforcement mechanisms. While the EU prioritizes legal certainty and individual rights protection, ASEAN emphasizes flexibility and policy collaboration. This study proposes an adaptive “AI Accountability Framework” that integrates global ethical standards with regional legal norms to enhance ASEAN’s regulatory capacity. The findings contribute theoretically to the scholarship on technology law and practically to the formulation of AI governance policies that are fair, transparent, and accountable.
Copyright (c) 2025 Melanie Nicholle https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Implikasi Hukum warisan hutang oleh warga negara asing dalam sengketa kepailitan di indonesia perspektif Lex Loci Dan Lex Poli
Economic globalization has created legal complexities in cross-border bankruptcy disputes, particularly when involving foreign nationals who inherit debts. This study analyzes the application of the lex loci and lex fori principles in bankruptcy cases related to the inheritance of debts by foreign nationals in Indonesia, using the case study of PT. Krama Yudha. The research employs a normative-juridical approach with descriptive-analytical analysis of the Central Jakarta District Court Decision No. 226/Pdt.Sus-PKPU/2023 and the Supreme Court Decision No. 1103 K/PdtSus-Pailit/2024. The findings reveal inconsistencies in the application of private international law principles concerning the jurisdiction and liability of foreign heirs for the deceased’s debts. The lex loci principle provides protection for domestic creditors by subjecting assets located in Indonesia to national law, while lex fori emphasizes the application of Indonesian procedural law. However, the conflict between these principles creates legal uncertainty and disparities in protection for both creditors and heirs. This study recommends the harmonization of cross-border inheritance and bankruptcy laws, the adoption of the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency, and the inclusion of clearer lex successionis provisions in the revision of the Bankruptcy Law to ensure justice and legal certainty.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurfauzi Muhammad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
IMPLEMENTASI DOKTRIN PIERCING THE CORPORATE VEIL PADA PERSEROAN TERBATAS ANTARA INDONESIA DAN MALAYSIA
Penelitian ini menganalisis implementasi doktrin piercing the corporate veil pada perseroan terbatas dalam sistem hukum Indonesia dan Malaysia sebagai upaya perlindungan hukum terhadap kreditor dan pihak ketiga yang dirugikan. Doktrin ini memungkinkan pengadilan untuk menembus tabir perusahaan dan membebankan tanggung jawab pribadi kepada pemegang saham atau direksi ketika terjadi penyalahgunaan badan hukum perseroan. Meskipun kedua negara memiliki latar belakang hukum yang berbeda, Indonesia dengan sistem hukum civil law dan Malaysia dengan sistem common law, keduanya menghadapi tantangan serupa dalam penerapan doktrin ini. Penelitian ini mengkaji landasan hukum, kriteria penerapan, dan praktik peradilan di kedua negara melalui analisis peraturan perundang-undangan dan putusan pengadilan yang relevan. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa penerapan doktrin piercing the corporate veil di Indonesia masih terbatas dan belum memiliki regulasi yang eksplisit, sedangkan Malaysia memiliki preseden yudisial yang lebih mapan melalui pengaruh sistem common law. Terdapat perbedaan signifikan dalam hal ketegasan pengadilan, parameter penyalahgunaan badan hukum, dan mekanisme pembuktian antara kedua yurisdiksi. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa Indonesia perlu memperkuat kerangka hukum dan mengembangkan yurisprudensi yang konsisten untuk memberikan kepastian hukum dan keadilan yang lebih efektif dalam penerapan doktrin piercing the corporate veil.
Copyright (c) 2025 Said Hendri Darmawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Persaingan Ekonomi Global: Implikasi Hukum dari Perang Dagang Amerika Serikat-China terhadap Negara Indonesia
The trade war between the United States and China, which began in 2018, has significantly affected the global economic landscape, particularly for developing countries such as Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the legal implications of the trade war on the international trade system and Indonesia’s legal position. The research applies a normative juridical method, examining key instruments including the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994, the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU), Law No. 7 of 2014 on Trade, and Law No. 11 of 2020 on Job Creation. The findings reveal that the trade war undermines the effectiveness of the WTO's dispute-resolution mechanisms (Articles XXIII of the GATT and Article 3 of the DSU) in protecting developing countries. Indonesia has legal opportunities to strengthen its trade position through market diversification (RCEP and CEPA), enhanced anti-dumping policies, and proactive engagement in multilateral trade diplomacy. The study concludes that Indonesia must reinforce its international trade legal framework and national competitiveness to adapt to the ongoing global trade tensions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurfauzi Muhammad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Perempuan dan Anak Sebagai Konsumen Rentan: Tantangan dan Reformasi Hukum Perlindungan Konsumen
Abstract This article examines the legal protection for vulnerable consumers, particularly women and children, within the framework of Indonesian consumer protection law. Using normative-juridical and case study methods, this study analyzes both the regulatory provisions and real-life case applications. One notable case involves the marketing of sugar-laden snacks to children via online influencers, while another explores the predatory lending practices targeting women through online loans. The study finds that existing consumer protection mechanisms are inadequate to respond to the specific vulnerabilities of these groups. It emphasizes the urgency of strengthening the legal framework through affirmative protection, institutional sensitivity, and a gender-and-child-friendly perspective in enforcement. The findings contribute to the discourse on consumer justice and propose regulatory reforms to ensure substantive equality in consumer protection. Keywords:, children, consumer protection law, indonesia, vulnerable consumers, women Abstrak Artikel ini membahas perlindungan hukum terhadap konsumen rentan, khususnya perempuan dan anak, dalam kerangka hukum perlindungan konsumen Indonesia. Dengan pendekatan yuridis-normatif dan studi kasus, penelitian ini menelaah ketentuan regulatif serta penerapannya dalam praktik. Kasus promosi makanan tinggi gula melalui influencer anak-anak dan praktik pinjaman online yang menjebak perempuan merupakan contoh nyata bagaimana kelompok rentan menjadi sasaran eksploitasi. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa mekanisme perlindungan konsumen saat ini belum memadai untuk menjawab kebutuhan spesifik kelompok ini. Penelitian ini menekankan pentingnya afirmasi hukum, kepekaan kelembagaan, dan perspektif ramah gender dan anak dalam penegakan hukum. Temuan ini berkontribusi pada wacana keadilan konsumen dan merekomendasikan reformasi regulasi untuk menjamin kesetaraan substantif dalam perlindungan konsumen. Kata Kunci: Konsumen rentan, hukum perlindungan konsumen, perempuan, anak, Indonesia
Copyright (c) 2025 Susilowati Suparto, Deviana Yuanitasari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Peran Hakim Dalam Implementasi Konsep Restorative Justice Pada Perkara Pidana Dengan Perempuan Dan Anak Berhadapan Dengan Hukum
As a vulnerable group, the rights of women and children when dealing with the law are often neglected. So a system is needed in criminal acts that can focus on restoring the rights of women and children in conflict with the law, namely restorative justice. This study discusses the implementation of restorative justice for children and women in conflict with the law and the role of judges in realizing the concept of restorative justice. The type of research used is the normative juridical method through library studies. The results of the study show that the realization of the concept of restorative justice in criminal cases of women in conflict with the law is through the regulation of the Chief Justice of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1 of 2024. Meanwhile, the realization of the concept of restorative justice in criminal cases with children in conflict with the law is through the diversion system regulated in Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System and Supreme Court Regulation Number 4 of 2014. The role of judges must be based in moral values and justice. In implementing restorative justice, judges have their own procedures, which are regulated in the regulation of the Chief Justice of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1 of 2024.
restorative justice, children and women face the law, justice.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jaksa : Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Hukum dan Politik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Kompleksitas Konflik Rumah Tangga dalam Perkara Perceraian: Studi Komparatif Putusan Nomor 369/Pdt.G/2025/PA.CN dan 372/Pdt.G/2025/PA.CN
Perceraian merupakan jalan akhir dari konflik rumah tangga yang tidak dapat diselesaikan secara damai. Setiap perkara perceraian memiliki tingkat kompleksitas yang berbeda, baik dari segi akar permasalahan, intensitas konflik, hingga dampaknya terhadap keluarga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dan membandingkan kompleksitas konflik rumah tangga serta pertimbangan hukum dalam dua perkara cerai talak yang diputus oleh Pengadilan Agama Cirebon, yaitu Putusan Nomor 369/Pdt.G/2025/PA.CN dan 372/Pdt.G/2025/PA.CN. Penelitian menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan komparatif-kualitatif, melalui studi dokumen terhadap salinan resmi putusan dan literatur hukum terkait. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Putusan 369/Pdt.G/2025/PA.CN memiliki kompleksitas konflik yang tinggi dengan latar belakang kekerasan verbal, pembangkangan, dan konflik finansial, namun ditolak karena tidak memenuhi syarat pembuktian formil. Sebaliknya, Putusan 372/Pdt.G/2025/PA.CN. yang melibatkan konflik rumah tangga yang relatif ringan justru dikabulkan karena alat bukti lengkap dan terpenuhinya syarat pisah rumah. Perbedaan signifikan juga terlihat dalam aspek pengasuhan anak, di mana pada Putusan 372/Pdt.G/2025/PA.CN. hak asuh diberikan kepada ayah dengan pertimbangan asas the best interest of the child. Penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa substansi konflik tidak dapat berdiri sendiri tanpa didukung oleh prosedur pembuktian yang sah sebagai dasar pertimbangan hukum yang adil.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jaksa : Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Hukum dan Politik
Analisis Faktor Perceraian Dalam Studi Kasus Putusan Pengadilan Agama Kota Cirebon Nomor: 290/Pdt.G/2025/PA.Cbn
Penelitian ini mengkaji perceraian dengan menggunakan metode yuridis empiris, yang menggabungkan analisis norma hukum dengan pengumpulan data lapangan yang selaras dengan penyebab perceraian umum di Pengadilan Agama Kota Cirebon. Data primer diperoleh dari putusan perkara nomor 290/Pdt.G/2025/PA.Cbn, sementara data sekunder bersumber dari undang-undang, dokumen hukum, dan literatur ilmiah terkait perkawinan dan perceraian. Analisis terhadap data dilakukan secara kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif-analitis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor utama penyebab perceraian pada perkara tersebut adalah perselisihan yang terjadi secara terus-menerus, yang sejalan dengan penyebab perceraian pada umumnya di Pengadilan Agama Kota Cirebon. Analisis putusan perkara cerai dengan nomor 290/Pdt.G/2025/PA.Cbn menunjukkan bahwa Majelis Hakim mengedepankan pertimbangan hukum yang mendalam. Pertimbangan ini menegaskan pentingnya kehadiran pihak berperkara dalam proses hukum dan efektivitas mediasi sebagai upaya penyelesaian sengketa. Hal ini mencerminkan bagaimana sistem hukum bekerja dalam menangani perselisihan rumah tangga dengan mempertimbangkan faktor hukum dan fakta yang relevan.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nadya Nihayatunnuffus Caroline, Ivan, Muthia Hisana Putri, Indah Auila, Khayla Khairunnisa, Elisya Maullida Fadlillah, Dadan Taufik Fathurohman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0