Perkara : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum dan Politik
type: channel
description: Perkara : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum dan Politik; memiliki e-ISSN: 2988-5213; p-ISSN: 2988-7747 jurnal ilmiah yang diterbitkan oleh Program Studi Hukum, LPPM Universitas Sains dan Teknologi Komputer yang memuat kajian teoritik maupun empiris di bidang ilmu hukum dan politik. Jurnal ini bertujuan untuk menjadi wadah akademik bagi para akademisi, peneliti, dan praktisi hukum dalam mempublikasikan hasil penelitian serta analisis kritis yang relevan dengan perkembangan hukum dan kebijakan politik di tingkat nasional maupun internasional. Perkara menerbitkan artikel dengan cakupan luas meliputi hukum publik, hukum tata negara, hukum pidana, hukum perdata, hukum internasional, serta hubungan antara hukum dan politik, termasuk aspek kebijakan publik, demokrasi, dan supremasi hukum. Jurnal ini terbit 1 tahun 4 kali (Maret, Juni, September dan Desember).
publisher: Universitas Sains dan Teknologi Komputer
language: en
publication name: Perkara : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum dan Politik
issn: 2988-7755
items: Urgensi Ratifikasi Statuta Roma dan Implikasinya terhadap Efektivitas International Criminal Court dalam Penegakan Hukum HAM Internasional
items: Krisis Legitimasi Regulasi dalam Perlindungan Hak Digital pada Era Ekonomi Data dan Pengawasan Teknologi
items: Dominasi Platform Digital dan Tantangan Penegakan Hukum terhadap Praktik Anti Kompetisi dalam Ekonomi Berbasis Data
items: Analysis of the Effectiveness of Electronic Case Handling in Enhancing Legal Certainty and Accountability of Judicial Institutions in Indonesia
items: Hak Anak di Atas Kertas: Kegagalan Negara dalam Pemenuhan Pendidikan Dasar di Wilayah 3T: Analisis Sosiologi Hukum (Studi Kasus di Sumba)
items: The Politics of Legal Reform of the Judicial System in Ensuring Access to Justice for Society
items: Politik Hukum KUHP dan KUHAP Baru di Indonesia: Analisis Supremasi Hukum, Kebebasan Sipil, dan Ketegangan Kekuasaan dalam Demokrasi Kontemporer
items: Hubungan Antara Kepatuhan Hukum dan Kepercayaan Masyarakat terhadap Institusi Negara
items: Legal Barriers Affecting Decentralized Public Service Delivery in Rapidly Transforming Political Environments
items: Assessing Legal Consistency in Decentralized Policy Implementation Across Newly Established Regions
items: Hambatan Sosial dalam Pemanfaatan Mekanisme Hukum Formal oleh Masyarakat
items: Kelalaian Negara dalam Perlindungan Hulu DAS Aceh: Analisis Sosio-Legal atas Banjir Bandang dan Kerusakan Hutan
items: The Implementation of the Electronic Information and Transactions Law in Handling Digital Disputes in Indonesia
items: The Effectiveness of Court Administrative Systems in Promoting Transparency and Accountability in Judicial Institutions
items: Internalisasi Norma Hukum Sebagai Model Institusional Perilaku Sosial Masyarakat
items: Budaya Hukum Dan Dinamika Kepatuhan Masyarakat Melalui Pendekatan Sosio-Legal Mikro Dan Makro
items: Analisis Jaringan (Social Network Analysis) terhadap Struktur Operasi Kejahatan Siber Terorganisir di ASEAN
items: Dampak Algoritma Moderasi Media Sosial terhadap Kebebasan Berekspresi melalui Analisis Sosiologi Hukum Kualitatif
items: Peran Organisasi Internasional dalam Penegakan Hukum Lingkungan Global melalui Analisis Kebijakan Kualitatif
items: Migrasi dan Perlindungan Hak Asasi Imigran dalam Implementasi Prinsip Hukum Internasional Modern
items: Tantangan Hukum Perdagangan Internasional Pasca Pandemi dalam Analisis Kebijakan Tarif dan Non-Tarif
items: Analisis Efektivitas Mediasi dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Bisnis melalui Pendekatan Studi Kasus Empiris
items: Dinamika Hukum Kontrak di Era Ekonomi Digital dalam Perbandingan Kontrak Konvensional dan Smart Contract
items: Efektivitas Perlindungan Konsumen dalam Ekosistem E-Commerce melalui Pendekatan Hukum Empiris
items: HAK SERVITUUT DALAM PERSPEKTIF PERTIMBANGAN HAKIM PADA PERKARA PENGABDIAN PEKARANGAN
items: Legal Culture of The Younger Generation in Compliance With Digital Ethics and Cyber Law: A Case Study on Social Media Use Among Students
items: Neglected Inequality: Legal-Political Dynamics of Honorary Teacher Salaries in Indonesia’s Periphery through a Rawlsian Justice Lens
items: Crisis of Public Trust in Law Enforcement Agencies: TNI, Polri, and Fire Department under the Scrutiny of Law and Political Power
items: Structural Barriers to Religious Freedom: A Progressive Legal Analysis of Justice Access in the Construction of Minority Worship Houses in Indonesia
items: Institutional Dysfunction in Personal Data Protection: A Legal-Political Analysis Based on New Institutional Theory

Urgensi Ratifikasi Statuta Roma dan Implikasinya terhadap Efektivitas International Criminal Court dalam Penegakan Hukum HAM Internasional
type: item
description: The increasing occurrence of genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and other serious human rights violations demonstrates the continuing need for an effective international legal mechanism capable of ensuring accountability beyond national jurisdictions. The International Criminal Court, established under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, represents a permanent institution designed to prosecute individuals responsible for the most serious international crimes. However, the effectiveness of the Court remains highly dependent on state participation through ratification of the Rome Statute. This study aims to analyze the urgency of Rome Statute ratification and its implications for the ICC's effectiveness in enforcing international human rights law. The research employed a normative legal method using statute, conceptual, and comparative approaches. Data were collected through a literature review of international treaties, national regulations, scholarly publications, and institutional reports relevant to the subject. The findings indicate that wider ratification significantly strengthens the legitimacy, jurisdictional reach, and operational capacity of the ICC, particularly in areas such as investigation, arrest cooperation, evidence gathering, and enforcement of judicial decisions. For Indonesia, ratification may encourage harmonization of domestic law with international standards, improve accountability mechanisms for gross human rights violations, and enhance the country’s credibility in global legal diplomacy. This study contributes to the discourse on the relationship between state sovereignty and international accountability by demonstrating that ratification should be understood not as a loss of sovereignty, but as a commitment to responsible governance and justice. In conclusion, ratification of the Rome Statute constitutes a strategic legal step toward strengthening global human rights enforcement and promoting sustainable legal r…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Rome Statute
  topic: keywords
subject: ICC
  topic: keywords
subject: Human Rights Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Ratification
  topic: keywords
subject: International Justice
  topic: keywords
creator: Sagara Alam
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Sagara Alam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-05-09
publication date: 2026-05-09
starting page: 65
ending page: 77
doi: 10.51903/17z0qd84

Krisis Legitimasi Regulasi dalam Perlindungan Hak Digital pada Era Ekonomi Data dan Pengawasan Teknologi
type: item
description: The rapid expansion of the digital economy and surveillance technologies has raised critical concerns regarding the legitimacy of regulatory frameworks in protecting digital rights. The increasing reliance on data-driven economy models has transformed personal data into a strategic asset, intensifying power imbalances between governments, corporations, and individuals. This study aims to analyze the legitimacy crisis in digital rights regulation by identifying key influencing factors and evaluating governance models to address these challenges. The research employs a normative juridical approach, utilizing secondary data from legal documents, policy reports, and prior scholarly studies, and analyzing them through a qualitative-descriptive framework. The findings reveal that approximately 68% of regulatory challenges are associated with issues of over-surveillance and lack of transparency, while 54% are linked to regulatory lag in adapting to technological advancements. Additionally, around 61% of analyzed cases indicate significant asymmetry in power relations between stakeholders. The study also finds that the hybrid governance model demonstrates higher adaptability, with an effectiveness rate reaching 72% compared to centralized (58%) and decentralized (63%) approaches. These results indicate that digital surveillance practices, including AI profiling and mass surveillance, significantly undermine public trust in regulatory systems. This study contributes by proposing an integrated framework of regulatory legitimacy that emphasizes legality, accountability, transparency, and effectiveness, while highlighting the importance of adaptive and participatory regulatory approaches to ensure balanced protection of digital rights in the evolving digital ecosystem
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital Rights
  topic: keywords
subject: Regulatory Legitimacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Data-Driven Economy
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Surveillance
  topic: keywords
subject: Hybrid Governance
  topic: keywords
creator: Fajar Aditya Pranowo
creator: Galih Putra Wiratama
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Fajar Aditya Pranowo, Galih Putra Wiratama https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-05-09
publication date: 2026-05-09
starting page: 45
ending page: 64
doi: 10.51903/4k5svz08

Dominasi Platform Digital dan Tantangan Penegakan Hukum terhadap Praktik Anti Kompetisi dalam Ekonomi Berbasis Data
type: item
description: The rapid growth of the data-driven economy has intensified the dominance of digital platforms, creating challenges for market competition and legal enforcement. Large technology companies increasingly control market access and user data, leading to structural imbalances and potential anti-competitive behavior. This study aims to develop a comprehensive measurement of platform dominance through the Platform Dominance Legal Index (PDLI), integrating market share and data control to better capture digital market power. The research adopts a normative juridical approach combined with quantitative analysis using secondary data from academic literature, industry reports, and regulatory documents. Market concentration is measured by the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI), while PDLI assesses dominance using economic and data-related indicators. The results show a highly concentrated market, with an HHI value of 2530, indicating strong oligopolistic conditions. Google recorded the highest PDLI score of 35.88, followed by Amazon at 18.48 and Meta at 15.30, indicating clear differences in dominance levels. The findings also indicate that platforms with strong data control maintain significant dominance even with a lower market share. Practices such as self-preferencing, predatory pricing, and lock-in effects are associated with higher levels of dominance. The study provides a structured framework for assessing digital platform dominance and supports regulators in developing more adaptive competition policies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Platform Dominance
  topic: keywords
subject: PDLI
  topic: keywords
subject: Market Concentration
  topic: keywords
subject: Data Economy
  topic: keywords
subject: Competition Law
  topic: keywords
creator: Ardiansyah Putra Mahendra
creator: Naufal Rizky Ramadhan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ardiansyah Putra Mahendra, Naufal Rizky Ramadhan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-05-09
publication date: 2026-05-09
starting page: 26
ending page: 44
doi: 10.51903/7taqfb57

Analysis of the Effectiveness of Electronic Case Handling in Enhancing Legal Certainty and Accountability of Judicial Institutions in Indonesia
type: item
description: This study examines the effectiveness of the implementation of electronic courts (e-Courts) in enhancing legal certainty and institutional accountability in Indonesia. Using a mixed methods sequential explanatory design, the research combines quantitative data from 100 respondents, including judges, lawyers, and court staff, with qualitative insights from in-depth interviews with 10 key informants. Quantitative analysis was conducted using Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to assess the relationships among e-Court implementation, organizational readiness, legal certainty, and accountability, while thematic analysis was used to interpret qualitative findings. The results show that e-Court significantly improves legal certainty and strengthens institutional accountability. Organizational readiness is identified as a key mediating factor influencing system effectiveness. However, challenges such as technical constraints and varying levels of user adaptation remain evident. This study contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence on the impact of digitalization in judicial systems and highlights the importance of integrating technological and organizational factors. The findings offer practical implications for policymakers and judicial institutions in optimizing e-Court implementation in Indonesia
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: e-Court
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Certainty
  topic: keywords
subject: Judicial Accountability
  topic: keywords
subject: Organizational Readiness
  topic: keywords
subject: Electronic Case Management
  topic: keywords
creator: Althea Serafim Kriswabdaru
creator: Berliant Pratiwi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Althea Serafim Kriswabdaru, Berliant Pratiwi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-05-09
publication date: 2026-05-09
starting page: 78
ending page: 91
doi: 10.51903/yssf4e68

Hak Anak di Atas Kertas: Kegagalan Negara dalam Pemenuhan Pendidikan Dasar di Wilayah 3T: Analisis Sosiologi Hukum (Studi Kasus di Sumba)
type: item
description: This research is motivated by the ongoing disparity in the distribution of education in underdeveloped, frontier, and outermost regions (3T), particularly in the Sumba region, despite national regulations and commitments to education funding being established. The main issue lies in the gap between legal norms that guarantee equal access to education and the reality of its implementation at the regional level. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of educational equity policies from the perspective of legal sociology and to identify the structural factors that influence their implementation. The research method used is a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data were obtained through interviews with 30 informants consisting of education officials, school principals, teachers, and parents, as well as supported by document analysis and secondary data. The research results indicate that the education equity policy has not been fully effective, marked by an imbalance in the teacher-student ratio, limited infrastructure, and resource distribution constraints. These findings indicate a gap between regulatory design and implementation practices, influenced by institutional capacity, intergovernmental coordination, and the geographical conditions of the region. Theoretically, this research reinforces the perspective that the effectiveness of law is determined by the interaction between norms, structures, and social conditions. Practically, this research recommends need-based affirmative policies to achieve substantive educational equity in the 3T areas.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Effectiveness of Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Equitable Education
  topic: keywords
subject: 3T Regions
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Teacher Distribution
  topic: keywords
subject: Sociology of Law
  topic: keywords
creator: Bruno Bani
creator: Novinda Grezen Nufninu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Bruno Bani, Novinda Grezen Nufninu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-05-09
publication date: 2026-05-09
starting page: 14
ending page: 25
doi: 10.51903/dx40j373

The Politics of Legal Reform of the Judicial System in Ensuring Access to Justice for Society
type: item
description: This study examines the politics of legal reform in the judicial system and the role of that reform in ensuring access to justice. Judicial reform has largely emphasized institutional efficiency and regulatory modernization, often overlooking the political-legal dynamics that shape access to justice. This research aims to analyze how legal reform policies are formulated through political legal choices and their implications for equitable access to justice. Using a normative legal research method with a qualitative analytical-descriptive approach, this study draws on statutory, conceptual, and policy analyses supported by primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The findings indicate that judicial reform reflects underlying political and legal orientations that influence policy priorities and outcomes. Although reforms have strengthened institutional and regulatory frameworks, their impact on substantive access to justice remains uneven due to a predominant normative focus and limited responsiveness to social realities. This study highlights the importance of integrating access to justice into judicial reform agendas and emphasizes the need for stronger political and legal commitment to inclusive, justice-oriented legal development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Legal reform
  topic: keywords
subject: Judicial system
  topic: keywords
subject: Politics of law
  topic: keywords
subject: Access to justice
  topic: keywords
subject: Judicial reform policy
  topic: keywords
creator: Martareda Eda
creator: Sisilia Eda
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Martareda Eda, Sisilia Eda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-20
publication date: 2025-12-20
starting page: 1079
ending page: 1091
doi: 10.51903/ndzvhw36

Politik Hukum KUHP dan KUHAP Baru di Indonesia: Analisis Supremasi Hukum, Kebebasan Sipil, dan Ketegangan Kekuasaan dalam Demokrasi Kontemporer
type: item
description: This study analyzes legal politics in the reform of the Indonesian Penal Code (KUHP) and Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP), focusing on its implications for the rule of law, civil liberties, and power relations in contemporary democracy. The study is grounded in public and academic debates concerning tensions between strengthening state authority and protecting citizens’ rights within a democratic rule-of-law framework. Using a qualitative empirical legal approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) with 20 informants, including legal academics, practitioners, law enforcement officers, and civil society representatives. The data were analyzed thematically to identify dominant perceptions and issues surrounding the reforms. The findings reveal that civil liberties emerged as the most dominant concern, followed by the rule of law and power relations in the criminal justice system. Although the reforms are perceived as efforts to strengthen and unify the national legal system, several provisions are considered potentially problematic due to legal uncertainty and imbalances in authority. This study contributes to the discourse on criminal law politics and offers recommendations for ensuring that future legal reforms remain consistent with democratic principles, human rights protection, and effective checks and balances.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Legal Politics
  topic: keywords
subject: Criminal Code
  topic: keywords
subject: Criminal Procedure
  topic: keywords
subject: Code Civil Liberties
  topic: keywords
subject: Rule of Law Democracy
  topic: keywords
creator: Chens Melody
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Chens Melody https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-20
publication date: 2025-12-20
starting page: 1066
ending page: 1078
doi: 10.51903/k5cm3637

Hubungan Antara Kepatuhan Hukum dan Kepercayaan Masyarakat terhadap Institusi Negara
type: item
description: This study examines the relationship between legal compliance and public trust in state institutions, addressing the limitations of linear approaches that treat trust solely as a determinant of compliance. Using a quantitative explanatory design, data were collected via a structured survey of adult respondents who had experience interacting with state institutions. Statistical analyses, including descriptive statistics, reliability testing, correlation analysis, and linear regression, were employed to evaluate the empirical relationship between the two constructs. The findings reveal a positive, statistically significant association between legal compliance and institutional trust, indicating that higher levels of legal compliance are associated with stronger public trust in state institutions. Beyond confirming existing theoretical assumptions, the results suggest that legal compliance may function not only as an outcome of institutional trust but also as a social mechanism that actively contributes to the formation and reinforcement of trust. This reciprocal relationship highlights the role of consistent and perceived fair compliance practices in strengthening institutional legitimacy. The study offers a relational perspective on legal compliance, enriching socio-legal scholarship and providing practical insights for policymakers seeking to enhance public trust through sustainable and non-coercive governance strategies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Legal compliance
  topic: keywords
subject: Institutional trust
  topic: keywords
subject: State institutions
  topic: keywords
creator: Nabilah Azmi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Nabilah Azmi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-05-09
publication date: 2026-05-09
starting page: 1
ending page: 13
doi: 10.51903/1tvx7z93

Legal Barriers Affecting Decentralized Public Service Delivery in Rapidly Transforming Political Environments
type: item
description: Public service delivery through decentralization is meant to improve administrative effectiveness, but its implementation still faces legal ambiguity amid a constantly evolving political landscape. This research study proposes to examine the impact of legal impediments on the efficiency of implementing the legal framework for public service delivery through decentralization. The research will make use of the normative-empirical legal methodological framework. This uses the doctrinal research method, drawing on data collected from 30 local officials who provide the service under the legal framework of decentralization. The findings indicate that legal barriers take three forms: normative barriers arising from unclear implementing rules, structural barriers stemming from overlapping central and local authority, and implementation barriers arising from risk-averse bureaucracy. These challenges are exacerbated by political dynamics, which increase the likelihood of legal uncertainty and, in turn, of ineffective service delivery. The project will therefore make a theoretical contribution to the literature on the role of legal barriers to decentralization, the political dynamics that mediate them, and the outcomes of decentralized governance. More specifically, it will underscore the importance of harmonizing regulations and strengthening legal frameworks to enhance legal certainty in decentralized public administration. Finally, it is concluded that legal barriers are crucial to ensuring the effectiveness and accountability of decentralization in public service delivery.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Legal Barriers Decentralization
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Service Delivery
  topic: keywords
subject: Political Dynamics
  topic: keywords
subject: Administrative Law
  topic: keywords
creator: Dian Karisma
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Dian Karisma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28
starting page: 1055
ending page: 1065
doi: 10.51903/jqpxqv07

Assessing Legal Consistency in Decentralized Policy Implementation Across Newly Established Regions
type: item
description: The concept of decentralization has gained popularity as a means to enhance regional self-governance, but the most recent regions established must cope with the challenge of legal consistency in policy application. The objective of the current research is to evaluate the legal consistency of decentralized policy implementations in newly created regions by examining the relationship between the national government's legal norms and local policy practices in these areas. The research employs a qualitative socio-legal method, using a comparative case study approach involving some newly autonomous regions. The data for the research were gathered through analysis of legal documents, policy records, and in-depth interviews with key regional policy actors; the researchers also used thematic and comparative analyses to work through the data. The results of the research show that legal consistency remains irregular, with inconsistencies occurring mainly during implementation rather than in the drafting stage. Differences in institutional capacity and varying understandings of legal responsibilities are the main factors driving these inconsistencies. The study makes a significant contribution to the understanding of decentralization by placing the spotlight on legal consistency as a crucial bridge between the normative frameworks and policy practice. It recommends that the effective functioning of decentralization depends not only on coherent legal arrangements but also on strong institutional mechanisms to ensure consistent implementation at the regional level.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Legal Consistency
  topic: keywords
subject: Policy Decentralization
  topic: keywords
subject: Newly Established Regions
  topic: keywords
creator: Sri Yulianingsih
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sri Yulianingsih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28
starting page: 1044
ending page: 1054
doi: 10.51903/p66nv369

Hambatan Sosial dalam Pemanfaatan Mekanisme Hukum Formal oleh Masyarakat
type: item
description: This study examines social barriers to the use of formal legal mechanisms in Indonesia using a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design that integrates a large-scale survey with in-depth interviews. The quantitative phase involved 400 respondents who had experienced legal problems within the last five years and was analyzed using logistic regression to identify key social determinants of formal legal use. The results indicate that trust in law enforcement institutions and perceptions of procedural justice significantly increase the likelihood of using formal legal channels, while prior negative experiences and fear of social stigma significantly reduce it. These findings were further elaborated through qualitative interviews, which revealed how institutional distrust, traumatic encounters with legal authorities, community pressure, and concerns over social reputation shape individuals’ legal choices. The study demonstrates that limited engagement with formal legal mechanisms cannot be fully explained by structural constraints alone, but must be understood as a socially constructed phenomenon rooted in everyday experiences and collective perceptions of law. By highlighting the central role of social and psychological factors, this research contributes to socio-legal scholarship on access to justice and suggests that judicial reform should prioritize not only procedural efficiency but also the restoration of public trust and the improvement of state–society relations in legal settings.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Access to justice
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal consciousness
  topic: keywords
subject: Social barriers
  topic: keywords
creator: Putri Sutami
creator: Dian Austin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Putri Sutami, Dian Austin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28
starting page: 1030
ending page: 1043
doi: 10.51903/xfkdap30

Kelalaian Negara dalam Perlindungan Hulu DAS Aceh: Analisis Sosio-Legal atas Banjir Bandang dan Kerusakan Hutan
type: item
description: The recurring flash floods in Aceh Province over the past decade demonstrate a strong link to deforestation in the upper reaches of the river basin. This condition reflects not only ecological issues, but also problems of governance, law, and state responsibility in environmental protection. This research aims to analyze the state's role and responsibilities in protecting the upstream watershed in Aceh and its connection to flash floods and forest damage. The research uses a qualitative approach within a socio-legal framework, employing a case study in Aceh. Data were obtained from in-depth interviews with key informants, limited field observations at the watershed's upper and lower reaches, spatial analysis of forest cover data, and a review of laws, policies, and official disaster reports. The research results indicate a reduction in forest cover in the upstream area of the watershed, which spatially overlaps with the downstream area experiencing recurrent flash floods. Empirical findings also show that although the legal framework for upstream watershed protection is available at the national and regional levels, management and supervision still vary in authority and are low-intensity in upstream areas. This research contributes to the development of socio-legal studies of environmental law by demonstrating that flash floods result from the interaction between ecological degradation and weak legal governance. In practice, this research confirms the importance of strengthening the state's role, institutional coordination, and upstream watershed monitoring as part of a sustainable disaster mitigation strategy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Watershed
  topic: keywords
subject: Flash Flood
  topic: keywords
subject: Forest Protection
  topic: keywords
subject: State Responsibility
  topic: keywords
subject: Socio-Legal Approach
  topic: keywords
creator: William Andrew
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 William Andrew https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-09-28
publication date: 2025-09-28
starting page: 995
ending page: 1008
doi: 10.51903/6q85ez39

The Implementation of the Electronic Information and Transactions Law in Handling Digital Disputes in Indonesia
type: item
description: The rapid development of digital technology has driven an increase in public activities and interactions in cyberspace, which in turn has given rise to various forms of digital disputes with increasingly complex characteristics. The Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE) serves as the primary legal instrument for regulating and resolving digital legal issues in Indonesia; however, its implementation continues to face various challenges. This study aims to analyze the implementation of UU ITE in handling digital disputes by linking normative legal provisions to empirical realities in society. The study employs a mixed-methods approach with an explanatory sequential design, integrating normative juridical analysis of UU ITE provisions with empirical data collected through quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative data were obtained through structured questionnaires administered to 180 respondents, while qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews with three key informants in 2025. The findings indicate that, normatively, UU ITE has provided an adequate legal foundation for handling digital disputes; however, in practice, gaps persist between legal norms and implementation, particularly in multiple interpretations of provisions, electronic evidence, and coordination among law enforcement institutions. These findings emphasize that the effectiveness of UU ITE implementation is determined not only by the substance of the regulation but also by implementative capacity and adaptation to the dynamics of digital technology. This study contributes theoretically to the development of cyber law scholarship. It offers practical contributions to policymakers and law enforcement authorities to strengthen Indonesia's digital dispute resolution system, making it more adaptive, effective, and just.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE)
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Disputes
  topic: keywords
subject: Cyber Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Implementation
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Justice
  topic: keywords
creator: Beni Tuce
creator: Rita Adoe
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Beni Tuce, Rita Adoe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-09-28
publication date: 2025-09-28
starting page: 980
ending page: 994
doi: 10.51903/gpbgye19

The Effectiveness of Court Administrative Systems in Promoting Transparency and Accountability in Judicial Institutions
type: item
description: This study is motivated by the growing demand for judicial bureaucratic reform that increasingly emphasizes transparency and accountability as the core pillars of modern judicial governance, in which administrative systems play a strategic role in supporting both principles. The objective of this research is to analyze the extent to which the effectiveness of court administrative systems contributes to enhancing transparency and accountability in judicial administrative practices, from the perspectives of both service users and court officials. This study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data collected through questionnaires and qualitative data from semi-structured interviews, thereby enabling a more comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon under investigation. The findings indicate that effective administrative systems, characterized by clear procedures, timely service delivery, and well-organized documentation management, are positively associated with levels of transparency and accountability within judicial institutions, although challenges remain regarding implementation consistency and human resource readiness. Overall, this research provides a theoretical contribution by reinforcing the good governance framework in the context of judicial administration and offers practical insights for policymakers in formulating strategies to strengthen administrative systems. It concludes that improving administrative quality is a fundamental step in building public trust in transparent and accountable judicial institutions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Alvaro Reinn
creator: Chealsea Reinn
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alvaro Reinn, Chealsea Reinn https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-09-28
publication date: 2025-09-28
starting page: 964
ending page: 979
doi: 10.51903/c3yq5n86

Internalisasi Norma Hukum Sebagai Model Institusional Perilaku Sosial Masyarakat
type: item
description: This study investigates the institutional mechanisms through which legal norms are internalized and transformed into social behavior in Indonesian society. Using a qualitative exploratory–descriptive approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and document analysis across three sociocultural settings. The findings reveal that internalization is not merely the result of formal enforcement or legal sanctions, but emerges through a layered social process involving translation of legal values by institutional actors such as community leaders, educators, and local organizations. Legal norms become effective when they are repeatedly enacted in everyday practices and perceived as socially relevant, ultimately forming behavioral orientations that operate without coercion. The study contributes a conceptual institutional model that integrates normative, institutional, and sociological dimensions and offers practical implications for policymakers to design ecosystem-based internalization strategies. Limitations include a limited number of research sites and the absence of standardized quantitative measures, suggesting the need for future mixed-methods studies to broaden applicability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: legal norm internalization
  topic: keywords
subject: institutional social behavior
  topic: keywords
subject: socio-legal model
  topic: keywords
creator: Niki Arthur
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Niki Arthur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-20
publication date: 2025-12-20
starting page: 1017
ending page: 1029
doi: 10.51903/r6syqm79

Budaya Hukum Dan Dinamika Kepatuhan Masyarakat Melalui Pendekatan Sosio-Legal Mikro Dan Makro
type: item
description: This study examines legal culture and the dynamics of public compliance through an integrated socio-legal approach that bridges micro-level individual experiences and macro-level institutional structures. Departing from fragmented analyses that treat compliance either as an individual attitude or an institutional outcome, this research employs a qualitative, multilevel design combining in-depth interviews, limited observation, and document analysis to capture the relational processes through which legal compliance is produced and negotiated. The findings demonstrate that compliance is not primarily driven by coercive enforcement or formal regulation, but by perceptions of procedural justice, institutional consistency, and the quality of everyday interactions between citizens and legal authorities. Legal culture emerges as a dynamic, relational process in which individual experiences shape institutional legitimacy, while institutional practices simultaneously condition public trust and behavioral responses to the law. By conceptualizing legal culture as a multilevel socio-legal process, this study contributes to the literature by advancing an integrative analytical framework that moves beyond the micro–macro divide and offers theoretical and practical insights for designing legitimacy-oriented legal governance and sustainable compliance strategies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: legal culture
  topic: keywords
subject: legal compliance
  topic: keywords
subject: socio-legal studies
  topic: keywords
creator: Nuraini Astrid
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nuraini Astrid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28
starting page: 1004
ending page: 1016
doi: 10.51903/qvapxs75

Analisis Jaringan (Social Network Analysis) terhadap Struktur Operasi Kejahatan Siber Terorganisir di ASEAN
type: item
description: This study investigates the structural dynamics of organized Cybercrime networks operating across ASEAN by employing Social Network Analysis (SNA) to uncover relational patterns, key actors, and functional subgroups within digital criminal ecosystems. Drawing on validated secondary data and network modeling, the analysis demonstrates that Cybercriminal operations in the region exhibit scale-free characteristics, with a small number of highly influential nodes serving as central coordinators and connectors across multiple communities. These structural properties reveal that Cybercrime in ASEAN is sustained not only by technical capabilities but also by interconnected social relationships that enable resource sharing, role specialization, and cross-border collaboration. The findings provide empirical insight into the architecture of Cybercriminal networks, offering theoretical contributions to digital criminology and practical implications for regional law enforcement, particularly for designing targeted interventions to disrupt high-impact nodes. The study also highlights several limitations related to data availability and recommends deeper integration between SNA, digital forensics, and intergovernmental data-sharing mechanisms in future research.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Social Network Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Organized Cybercrime
  topic: keywords
subject: ASEAN
  topic: keywords
creator: Astrid Laila
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Astrid Laila https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28
starting page: 991
ending page: 1003
doi: 10.51903/ms8gsm95

Dampak Algoritma Moderasi Media Sosial terhadap Kebebasan Berekspresi melalui Analisis Sosiologi Hukum Kualitatif
type: item
description: The growing reliance on algorithmic systems in digital platforms has transformed the nature of legal governance and content moderation worldwide. While automation has improved efficiency, it has also created structural problems with transparency, fairness, and accountability. This study aims to examine how algorithmic governance influences procedural justice and public trust within digital environments. Using a qualitative-empirical legal method, the research analyzes 86 regulatory documents, 120 policy reports, and 300 moderated content cases from 2018 to 2024, and is complemented by interviews with 10 digital law experts. The findings reveal that algorithmic moderation increased by 45 percent during the observed period, yet 28 percent of deleted content was identified as non-violative, indicating a significant over-moderation bias. The correlation between transparency and user trust reached 0.85, showing that procedural clarity and appeal mechanisms strongly influence public perception of fairness. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that platforms with higher algorithmic accountability indices display 30 percent better compliance with ethical moderation standards. These results highlight that regulatory fragmentation and the absence of binding oversight mechanisms contribute to inconsistent digital justice outcomes. The study contributes to the theoretical discourse by identifying algorithmic systems as de facto legal actors in the digital domain. The novelty of this research lies in establishing algorithmic accountability as a measurable dimension of digital justice, integrating legal, technical, and sociological perspectives to propose a holistic framework for global algorithmic governance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Algorithmic Governance
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Justice
  topic: keywords
subject: Content Moderation
  topic: keywords
subject: Transparency Accountability
  topic: keywords
creator: Siti Nurhayati
creator: Budi Hartono
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Siti Nurhayati, Budi Hartono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28
starting page: 977
ending page: 990
doi: 10.51903/3g5e4162

Peran Organisasi Internasional dalam Penegakan Hukum Lingkungan Global melalui Analisis Kebijakan Kualitatif
type: item
description: The increasing fragmentation of global environmental governance has undermined the effectiveness of international environmental law enforcement. Despite the proliferation of multilateral environmental agreements, compliance among member states has declined, raising concerns about institutional coordination and accountability. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of international environmental law by assessing institutional synergy among major global organizations, including UNEP, GEF, and the WTO. Using a mixed normative-empirical legal method, the research evaluates 96 policy documents and institutional reports and conducts interviews with 14 international law experts from 2015 to 2023. The findings reveal a significant correlation of 0.82 between state participation and compliance, demonstrating that collective engagement improves enforcement consistency. However, the overall compliance rate has dropped to 63 percent in the last five years, indicating persistent institutional fragmentation. The correlation between financial assistance and compliance (r = 0.57) suggests that funding alone is insufficient without transparent governance structures. Comparative results also show that organizations with higher levels of policy harmonization exhibit 25 percent greater implementation effectiveness than those operating under fragmented systems. The study concludes that legal coherence, institutional capacity, and collaborative governance are critical determinants of the effectiveness of environmental law. The novelty of this research lies in introducing the concept of institutional synergy as a measurable indicator for assessing the integration and efficiency of international environmental regimes, offering new insights into the intersection of law, policy, and global sustainability governance
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Environmental Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Global Governance Compliance
  topic: keywords
subject: Institutional Synergy
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Effectiveness
  topic: keywords
creator: Mia Santoso
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mia Santoso https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-09-28
publication date: 2025-09-28
starting page: 1104
ending page: 1118
doi: 10.51903/kndmyn76

Migrasi dan Perlindungan Hak Asasi Imigran dalam Implementasi Prinsip Hukum Internasional Modern
type: item
description: The complexity of international migration governance continues to challenge the effectiveness of legal protection for immigrants in non-signatory states of the 1951 Refugee Convention, including Indonesia. Although Indonesia has shown administrative commitment through Presidential Regulation No. 125 of 2016, the legal framework remains limited and fragmented. This study aims to analyze the extent to which international legal principles are implemented within Indonesia’s domestic system and how institutional coordination affects immigrant protection. Using a normative-empirical legal method, the research examines 112 policy documents, court decisions, and field data covering the period from 2011 to 2023, supported by case comparisons with Malaysia and the Philippines. The findings reveal that 68 percent of immigrant cases in Indonesia rely on administrative mechanisms rather than formal legal protection, and regional implementation capacity varies significantly between provinces such as Aceh and Jakarta. The results also indicate that the lack of coordination among agencies contributes to a 42 percent delay in refugee registration and documentation processes. Comparative analysis shows that countries with direct legal ratification of the Convention provide more consistent protection and access to fundamental rights. The study contributes to the understanding of the relationship between moral commitment and legal enforcement in international law. The novelty of this research lies in its empirical demonstration of Indonesia’s partial adaptation of international refugee norms without formal ratification, offering a new framework for analyzing human rights protection in transitional legal systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Refugee Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Immigrant Protection
  topic: keywords
subject: International Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Framework
  topic: keywords
subject: Human Rights
  topic: keywords
creator: Putri Amalia
creator: Farhan Nugraha
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Putri Amalia, Farhan Nugraha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-09-29
publication date: 2025-09-29
starting page: 1088
ending page: 1103
doi: 10.51903/kcbkzx75

Tantangan Hukum Perdagangan Internasional Pasca Pandemi dalam Analisis Kebijakan Tarif dan Non-Tarif
type: item
description: The post-pandemic global economy has significantly reshaped international trade dynamics, urging Indonesia to reassess its balance between national protectionism and international legal commitments. Although trade recovery has begun, Indonesia’s policy framework remains constrained by fragmented tariff and non-tariff regulations that limit transparency and predictability. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of Indonesia’s trade policies and their alignment with the principles of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The research employs an empirical legal method with a qualitative-descriptive approach, drawing on trade data, policy documents, and interviews with eight trade officials and five business actors conducted between 2020 and 2023. The findings indicate that exports to the European Union decreased by 10.5 percent, while exports to China increased by 8.4 percent, showing a regional concentration that may weaken long-term diversification. In addition, 70 percent of practitioners confirmed that regulatory inconsistencies and administrative delays, averaging 12 percent in export processing, have reduced Indonesia’s trade competitiveness. Comparative analysis with Vietnam and Malaysia reveals that Indonesia’s digital readiness and institutional coordination are still below regional standards. The study concludes that improving regulatory coherence, institutional synergy, and digitalization is essential to enhancing legal certainty and trade efficiency. The novelty of this research lies in its empirical identification of the gap between legal protectionism and trade liberalization in Indonesia’s post-pandemic governance, providing new insights into the interaction between law, policy, and global market integration
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: WTO Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Tariff Regulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Effectiveness
  topic: keywords
creator: Dimas Prasetyo
creator: Rani Oktaviani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Dimas Prasetyo, Rani Oktaviani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-09-28
publication date: 2025-09-28
starting page: 1072
ending page: 1087
doi: 10.51903/2535z955

Analisis Efektivitas Mediasi dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Bisnis melalui Pendekatan Studi Kasus Empiris
type: item
description: The increasing complexity of business disputes in Indonesia highlights the limitations of litigation as a mechanism for achieving efficient and equitable resolution. Mediation has emerged as a viable alternative; however, its effectiveness within Indonesia’s legal system remains inconsistent. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of mediation in resolving business disputes by identifying the factors influencing success and evaluating institutional performance. Using an empirical legal research approach, data were obtained from 15 respondents, including mediators, business actors, and legal practitioners, complemented by case analysis from 2020 to 2023. The findings indicate that the average mediation success rate in Indonesia is 11.4%, while satisfaction among disputing parties reaches 73%, suggesting high procedural efficiency but limited substantive outcomes. Furthermore, 70% of practitioners acknowledge that institutional capacity and mediator competence significantly affect settlement success, and cases with high economic value tend to experience negotiation deadlocks. Comparative analysis shows that Indonesia’s mediation framework lags behind countries such as Singapore and Japan in terms of enforcement consistency and professional regulation. This study contributes to legal scholarship by emphasizing that mediation effectiveness depends not only on formal legal frameworks but also on institutional credibility and cultural trust. The novelty of this research lies in its empirical demonstration of the gap between procedural efficiency and substantive justice in Indonesia’s mediation system, providing insights for strengthening alternative dispute resolution mechanisms within the evolving digital economy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mediation
  topic: keywords
subject: Business Dispute
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Effectiveness
  topic: keywords
subject: Institutional Capacity
  topic: keywords
subject: Alternative Resolution
  topic: keywords
creator: Andi Wirawan
creator: Natasya Kartika
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Andi Wirawan, Natasya Kartika https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-09-28
publication date: 2025-09-28
starting page: 1055
ending page: 1071
doi: 10.51903/7aws0p72

Dinamika Hukum Kontrak di Era Ekonomi Digital dalam Perbandingan Kontrak Konvensional dan Smart Contract
type: item
description: The emergence of smart contracts in digital transactions has transformed the traditional understanding of agreement, execution, and legal enforcement. In Indonesia, the absence of specific regulations concerning automated contracts raises questions regarding their validity, enforceability, and compliance with civil law principles. This study aims to examine the legal recognition and practical implementation of smart contracts using an empirical legal approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 12 legal practitioners, 8 business actors, and 5 digital system developers, complemented by document analysis and regulatory comparison. The findings indicate that 70 percent of respondents expressed uncertainty regarding the legal legitimacy of smart contracts, while 65 percent acknowledged their potential to enhance efficiency and transparency in business transactions. The research also reveals that regulatory gaps, limited institutional capacity, and technical errors such as coding bugs significantly affect the reliability of automated agreements. These results highlight that the adaptation of civil law principles, particularly consent and liability, remains incomplete in the context of digital automation. The study contributes to legal scholarship by proposing a reinterpretation of contract principles to align with technological innovation and emphasizing the need for hybrid regulatory frameworks. The novelty of this research lies in its empirical examination of how smart contracts challenge the classical notion of legal consent and create new dimensions of accountability within the modern digital legal system.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Smart Contract
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Automated Contract
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Certainty
  topic: keywords
subject: Technology Regulation
  topic: keywords
creator: Rizky Mahendra
creator: Laila Puspitasari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rizky Mahendra, Laila Puspitasari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-09-10
publication date: 2025-09-10
starting page: 1037
ending page: 1054
doi: 10.51903/9jebpa55

Efektivitas Perlindungan Konsumen dalam Ekosistem E-Commerce melalui Pendekatan Hukum Empiris
type: item
description: The rapid expansion of Indonesia’s digital economy has significantly transformed consumer behavior, accompanied by a sharp increase in e-commerce transactions that reached IDR 602 trillion in 2023. However, this economic growth has also led to a notable rise in consumer rights violations, creating an urgent need to evaluate the effectiveness of existing legal protections. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of Indonesian consumer protection regulations, particularly the Consumer Protection Law, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (ITE Law), and Government Regulation No. 80 of 2019 on Electronic Commerce, in addressing digital consumer disputes. Using an empirical legal research design with a qualitative descriptive approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews with 10 consumers, 6 business actors, and 3 officials from the Consumer Dispute Settlement Agency (BPSK), supported by document analysis and digital observation. The findings indicate that 38 percent of reported violations involve nonconforming goods, 25 percent involve failed refunds, and 20 percent relate to the misuse of personal data. These results reveal that regulatory implementation remains fragmented, with limited institutional coordination and insufficient integration of digital mechanisms. The study contributes to understanding how legal systems adapt to digital economic dynamics by highlighting the interaction between regulation, technology, and institutional capacity. The novelty of this research lies in its empirical examination of the adaptability of Indonesia’s legal framework to digital transaction environments, offering theoretical insights and practical implications for strengthening technology-based consumer protection.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Consumer Law
  topic: keywords
subject: E-commerce
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Reform Indonesia
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmad Ramadhan
creator: Dewi Lestari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmad Ramadhan, Dewi Lestari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-09-28
publication date: 2025-09-28
starting page: 1019
ending page: 1036
doi: 10.51903/zap9vz59

HAK SERVITUUT DALAM PERSPEKTIF PERTIMBANGAN HAKIM PADA PERKARA PENGABDIAN PEKARANGAN
type: item
description: This study examines judicial considerations in resolving disputes involving servitude, defined as land servitude rights (hak pengabdian pekarangan), in an access-road conflict decided in Decision Number 102/PDT/2020/PT.YYK. Using a normative juridical method supported by statutory regulations, legal doctrine, court rulings, and supplementary interviews with legal practitioners, the research finds that the judge acknowledged a valid agreement granting the plaintiffs the right to use a portion of the defendant’s land as an access road, subject to compensation. This agreement created a binding land servitude that remained attached to the land regardless of subsequent actions taken by the landowner. The defendant’s act of constructing a wall that blocked the plaintiffs’ only access route constituted an unlawful act that satisfied all elements of Article 1365 of the Indonesian Civil Code, including wrongful conduct, fault, causation, and resulting harm. The novelty of this research lies in its explicit integration of servitude as a real right with the legal doctrine of unlawful acts, thereby offering an analytical bridge rarely explored in Indonesian jurisprudence. The implication of these findings is the necessity for clearer judicial standards and practical guidelines to prevent arbitrary conduct by landowners and to ensure consistent protection of established servitude rights in future disputes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Servituut Right
  topic: keywords
subject: Land Servitude
  topic: keywords
subject: Unlawful Act
  topic: keywords
subject: Land Dispute
  topic: keywords
subject: Judicial Consideration
  topic: keywords
creator: Vierananda Rosa Setyawati Vierananda Rosa Setyawati
creator: Leli Joko Suryono
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Vierananda Rosa Setyawati, Leli Joko Suryono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28
starting page: 966
ending page: 976
doi: 10.51903/pfwrpw44

Legal Culture of The Younger Generation in Compliance With Digital Ethics and Cyber Law: A Case Study on Social Media Use Among Students
type: item
description: The rapid growth of social media use among Indonesian students poses significant challenges to compliance with digital ethics and cyber law. This study employed a qualitative case study in Jakarta and Surabaya, involving 20 high school and vocational students through interviews, online observations, and digital documentation. Findings reveal that only 20% of students demonstrated a high level of understanding of cyber law, while the majority were limited to basic terms such as cyberbullying, hoaxes, and data privacy without deeper knowledge of legal regulations. Three key factors were identified in shaping students’ digital legal culture: peer influence, family values, and school education. This research contributes by integrating a socio-legal perspective with digital media studies, highlighting that students’ legal compliance is more strongly influenced by social dynamics than by formal regulations. In practice, the findings provide a foundation for designing contextual digital legal literacy interventions through both school curricula and community-based youth approaches.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Personal data protection
  topic: keywords
subject: digital legal system
  topic: keywords
subject: PDP Law
  topic: keywords
subject: digital governance
  topic: keywords
subject: digital literacy
  topic: keywords
creator: Jaka Budiana
creator: Alfiatur Rohmah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jaka Budiana, Alfiatur Rohmah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-09-28
publication date: 2025-09-28
starting page: 1009
ending page: 1018
doi: 10.51903/nnng8v61

Neglected Inequality: Legal-Political Dynamics of Honorary Teacher Salaries in Indonesia’s Periphery through a Rawlsian Justice Lens
type: item
description: The disparity in the welfare of honorary teachers, especially in the underdeveloped, frontier, and outermost (3T) regions of Indonesia, has become a structural issue that reflects the state's failure to provide social justice in education. Although honorary teachers have made significant contributions to supporting the national education system, their status remains marginal, lacking legal certainty, social security, and decent income. This research aims to examine the dynamics of injustice experienced by honorary teachers in 3T regions through the lens of social justice theory, as well as to explain how legal and educational policy contributes to the reproduction of these inequalities. The method employed is a qualitative approach with a critical case study design, involving in-depth interviews with honorary teachers and policymakers, as well as an analysis of regulatory documents. The research results show that injustice not only stems from low salaries but also from unequal access to professional training, disproportionate workloads, and systemic neglect of their voices in the decision-making process. Additionally, it was found that the presence of honorary teachers is often used as a cheap solution to fill teaching vacancies in 3T areas, without adequate structural reforms. This research makes a theoretical contribution by integrating the discourse of distributive and recognitive justice into educational policy and provides practical recommendations for the formulation of region-based affirmative policies. In conclusion, the disparity among honorary teachers is not merely a technical administrative issue, but rather a part of the crisis of social justice in national education that must be addressed through policy changes that are more equitable and contextually based.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Honorary Teachers
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Justice; 3T Areas (Enderdeveloped, Remote, and Border Regions)
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational Law and Politics
  topic: keywords
subject: Welfare Disparity
  topic: keywords
creator: Achmad Muhtasib
creator: Siti Fatimah
creator: Aldi Husman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Achmad Muhtasib, Siti Fatimah, Aldi Husman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-06-10
publication date: 2025-06-10
starting page: 978
ending page: 991
doi: 10.51903/fnhf0b11

Crisis of Public Trust in Law Enforcement Agencies: TNI, Polri, and Fire Department under the Scrutiny of Law and Political Power
type: item
description: Public trust in state institutions is a fundamental element in maintaining legal legitimacy and political stability. In Indonesia, the dynamics of trust towards the TNI, Polri, and Fire Department reflect the complexity of the relationship between the state and society. This research aims to explore public perception patterns towards these three institutions and understand the factors influencing the fluctuations in trust from a legal and political perspective. This research uses a qualitative approach with an instrumental case study design to explore the dynamics of the public's trust crisis towards law enforcement institutions, namely the military (TNI), the police (Polri), and the fire department (Damkar). Data collection techniques included in-depth interviews, observations, digital documentation, and secondary data analysis from national surveys. The research results show that the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) remain the most trusted institution, especially in rural areas, due to their direct involvement in social activities and development. The fire department consistently earns a high level of trust because it is perceived as neutral, responsive, and non-coercive. Meanwhile, the National Police (Polri) has experienced a drastic decline in public trust, triggered by issues of corruption, police violence, complex bureaucracy, and disparities in law enforcement. This research contributes to strengthening the literature on institutional legitimacy and provides practical implications for formulating policies for reforming law enforcement institutions. These results also affirm that public perception is not only influenced by the normative functions of institutions but also by the intensity of social interactions, digital imagery, and the direct service experiences felt by citizens.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Law and Politics
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Perception
  topic: keywords
subject: Institutional Legitimacy
  topic: keywords
subject: State Institutions: TNI, Polri, Fire Department
  topic: keywords
creator: Ayu Vidya Sari
creator: Diko Rahman Fajar Nusa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ayu Vidya Sari, Diko Rahman Fajar Nusa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-06-10
publication date: 2025-06-10
starting page: 964
ending page: 977
doi: 10.51903/kmd8d629

Structural Barriers to Religious Freedom: A Progressive Legal Analysis of Justice Access in the Construction of Minority Worship Houses in Indonesia
type: item
description: This study aims to examine the structural barriers faced by religious minority groups in Indonesia concerning the licensing of houses of worship and access to justice. Employing a qualitative approach within a socio-legal research design, the study combines normative analysis of legal regulations with empirical exploration through in-depth interviews, field observations, and document analysis. The findings reveal that administrative requirements under the Joint Ministerial Decrees No. 9 and 8 of 2006 serve as a mechanism for institutionalizing social vetoes. Residents’ approval, often framed as a neutral procedural demand, is systematically exploited to obstruct the constitutional rights of minorities. State actors such as the Religious Harmony Forum (FKUB), the Ministry of Religious Affairs, and local enforcement agencies tend to adopt a passive stance—or, at times, reinforce discriminatory practices under the guise of maintaining social order. Furthermore, court decisions that favor minority groups are frequently disregarded in practice, highlighting a gap between formal legal victories and substantive justice. The main contribution of this study lies in its integrated application of progressive legal theory and the access to justice framework, offering a critical lens on how religious discrimination is embedded not only in laws but in everyday legal institutions. The study concludes that urgent regulatory reform, the establishment of an independent appeals mechanism, and mandatory minority representation in key institutions such as FKUB are essential steps toward ensuring genuine religious freedom in Indonesia.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Religious Minorites
  topic: keywords
subject: Socio-Legal Study
  topic: keywords
subject: Access to Justice
  topic: keywords
subject: Progressive Legal Theory
  topic: keywords
creator: Ghina Mahdiyyah Harahap
creator: Gabriel Moreno Panjaitan
creator: Dhea Intan Oktavia Br Sihite
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ghina Mahdiyyah Harahap, Gabriel Moreno Panjaitan, Dhea Intan Oktavia Br Sihite https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-06-10
publication date: 2025-06-10
starting page: 950
ending page: 963
doi: 10.51903/dzswfx46

Institutional Dysfunction in Personal Data Protection: A Legal-Political Analysis Based on New Institutional Theory
type: item
description: Indonesia is facing a personal data protection crisis, as cases of sensitive information leaks from various public institutions continue to increase. Although Law No. 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection has been enacted, recurring incidents, such as the hacking of eHAC, BPJS Kesehatan, PeduliLindungi, and ransomware attacks on the National Data Center, demonstrate a weak implementation at the institutional level. This research aims to identify and analyze the forms of institutional dysfunction in personal data protection in Indonesia. This research uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical design, relying on data from literature studies, documentation, online media news, and in-depth interviews with informants from government institutions, academics, and digital rights activists. The research findings indicate that there are three primary forms of institutional dysfunction: weak formal structures, a bureaucratic culture that is unresponsive, and limited technical capacity. The absence of independent oversight institutions, overlapping inter-agency authorities, and minimal public accountability exacerbate this situation. These findings are analyzed using the new institutional theory, which emphasizes the importance of internal norms and the logic of appropriateness in institutional behavior. This research contributes to filling the gap in digital law studies in Indonesia by highlighting the role of institutional culture and legal politics in explaining the failure of data protection. In conclusion, adequate personal data protection is not sufficient with formal regulations alone, but requires institutional reforms that address structural and cultural aspects, as well as the establishment of an independent supervisory authority that is adaptive to digital threats.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Personal Data
  topic: keywords
subject: Institutional Dysfunction
  topic: keywords
subject: Institutional Theory
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Politics
  topic: keywords
subject: Data Breaches
  topic: keywords
creator: Rengga Kusuma Putra
creator: Yulia Agustin
creator: Latif Nurul Ihsan
creator: Zaki Ahmad Dafiqi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rengga Kusuma Putra, Yulia Agustin, Latif Nurul Ihsan, Zaki Ahmad Dafiqi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-06-10
publication date: 2025-06-10
starting page: 938
ending page: 949
doi: 10.51903/bkktey52